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1. Volcanoes are divided into three main groups, based on their shape and the type of material they ____.
(A) are made
(B) made of
(C) are made of
(D) made for

2. ____ to inanimate objects, such as machines, is a form of animism.
(A) When attributing emotion
(B) Attributing emotion
(C) Emotion is attributed
(D) If emotion is attributed

3. ____, dolphins have no sense of smell.
(A) As known as far
(B) Known thus far as
(C) It is known as far
(D) As far as is known

4. The growth of psychobiology owes ____ to major conceptual advances in the way people think about the brain.
(A) much
(B) as much as
(C) much which
(D) there is so much
5. In 1938 Pearl S. Buck became the first American woman ____ the Nobel Prize for Literature.
(A) receive
(B) received
(C) to receive
(D) she received
6. Now considered an art form, quilt-making originated as a means of fashioning bed covers from bits of fabric that otherwise ____.
(A) not use
(B) were no use
(C) had no use
(D) it was not used
7. The early years of the United States government were characterized by a debate concerning ____ or individual states should have more power.
(A) whether the federal government
(B) either the federal government
(C) that the federal government
(D) the federal government

8. Beneath the streets of a modern city ____ of walls, columns, cables, pipes, and tunnels required to satisfy the needs of its inhabitants.
(A) where exists the network
(B) the existing network
(C) the network’s existence
(D) exists the network

9. The ponderosa pine is _____ of most of the timber used by forest product firms in the Black Hills of South Dakota.
(A) the source
(B) as source
(C) the source which
(D) because the source

10. Leontyne Price (ranks) among the most (celebration) sopranos (of) her (time).

11. Carrie Chapman Call was (instrumental) (in passing) the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (gives) women the right (to vote).

12. (Discovery) in 1789 (and) isolated from other element in 1841, uranium (is valued) as a (source of) atomic energy. 

13. (Diplomatic) negotiations generally (take place) in embassies or in the (foreign) offices of the countries (which in) ambassadors are accredited.

14. (The) novelist Shirley Hazzard is noted (for) the insight, poetic style, and (sensitive) she (demonstrates) in her works. 

15. (Compare) with the (jagged) estuaries of the Atlantic coast, the Pacific coast (seems) almost (uniformly) straight.

16. (Because of) its low cholesterol content, margarine is a (widely) used (substitute) (from) butter.

17. (After) the Boston Tea Party in 1773, coffeehouses in the North American colonies (became) centers for gossip, (gamble), and (political) criticism.

18. (Studies by) B.F. Skinner indicate that reward positively (reinforces) behavior (and makes) that behavior (likely more) to recur.

19. The Montessori method of education stresses (initiative) and self-reliance (to permitting) pupils to pursue independently (whatever) interests them, but within (disciplined) limits.

20. The antique collector (must be able) to distinguish (real) antiques from (later imitations), which can be either reproductions (nor) fakes.

21. Paint (must be) (stirred) and sometimes (dilution) before (it) is applied.

22. A great (aviation pioneer), Amelia Earhart was (already famous) when she (sets) out on her ill-fated attempt (to circle) the globe in 1937.

23.  (Although) apples do not grow (during) the cold season, apple trees must have (a such) season in order to (flourish).

24. Two unique (features) of the Arctic (they are) lack (of) precipitation and (permanently) frozen ground.




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1. Volcanoes are divided into three main groups, based on their shape and the type of material they ____.
(A) are made
(B) made of
(C) are made of
(D) made for
Answer: C. are made of
Penjelasan
Pada kalimat ini, kita perlu verb karena sudah ada subject (they). Pada pilihan semua menggunakan verb3 (made), jadi bentuknya adalah pasif, dan kita perlu to be (are - karena subject jamak). Jadi kita sudah buang pilihan (B) dan (D). Untuk mengungkapkan "terbuat dari", kita gunakan "made of", jadi (C) yang benar.
2. ____ to inanimate objects, such as machines, is a form of animism.
(A) When attributing emotion
(B) Attributing emotion
(C) Emotion is attributed
(D) If emotion is attributed
Answer: B. Attributing emotion
Penjelasan
Pada kalimat sudah ada verb (is), namun belum memiliki subject.  "Such as machines" adalah keterangan pelengkap berupa contoh. Pada pilihan, kita lihat jawaban (C) dan (D) selain mengandung subject juga mengandung verb, jadi ke2 pilihan ini bisa kita buang. Jawaban (A) salah karena mengandung connector yang tidak kita butuhkan.

3. ____, dolphins have no sense of smell.
(A) As known as far
(B) Known thus far as
(C) It is known as far
(D) As far as is known
Answer: D. As far as is known
Penjelasan
Kalimat asli dari soal di atas adalah:
@ It is known that dolphins have no sense of smell.
Penggunaan "as far as" bisa diikuti subject + verb, atau bisa langsung diikuti verbnya.
Pilihan (A) susunannya salah
Pilihan (B) penggunaan thus tidak sesuai dan susunannya juga salah
Pilihan (C) kurang connector dan tidak perlu koma.

4. The growth of psychobiology owes ____ to major conceptual advances in the way people think about the brain.
(A) much
(B) as much as
(C) much which
(D) there is so much
Answer: A. Much
Penjelasan
Subject: growth
Verb: owes
Sudah ada subject dan verb, kalimat ini hanya perlu pelengkap. Setelah verb "owes", bisa kita letakkan adverb, maka jawaban yang tepat adalah "much".
B salah karena kita tidak membandingkan 2 hal di kalimat ini.
C salah karena kalimat tidak membutuhkan connector
D salah karena tidak cocok jika kita letakkan subject dan verb baru setelah verb utama
# Perkembangan psikobiologi berhutang banyak pada (=sangat dipengaruhi oleh) kemajuan konsep secara luas dalam hal bagaimana orang2 berpikir (=memahami) tentang (kinerja) otak.
5. In 1938 Pearl S. Buck became the first American woman ____ the Nobel Prize for Literature.
(A) receive
(B) received
(C) to receive
(D) she received
Answer: C. To receive
Penjelasan
Ini adalah pola "the first + noun + to + Verb1, jadi jawaban yang benar adalah "to receive".
Subject: Pearl S. Buck
Verb: became
Object: the first American woman to receive the Nobel Prize for Literature
A salah karena kurang "to"
B salah karena memakai verb2/verb3
D salah karena tidak dibutuhkan
# Pada tahun 1938, Pearl S. Buck menjadi wanita Amerika pertama yang memperoleh hadiah Nobel  dalam bidang kesusastraan.

6. Now considered an art form, quilt-making originated as a means of fashioning bed covers from bits of fabric that otherwise ____.
(A) not use
(B) were no use
(C) had no use
(D) it was not used
Answer: C. Had no use
Penjelasan
Subject: quilt-making
Verb: originated (verb2 - past tense)
"that" adalah connector yang berfungsi sebagai subject pada adjective clause yang menerangkan "fabric", jadi kita butuh verb.
A salah karena tidak mengandung verb
B salah karena "use" (kegunaan) adalah noun, dan biasa diawali dengan "have" (memiliki), bukan dengan to be
C salah karena kita tidak butuh subject, hanya verb
Had no use adalah bentuk lain dari "didn't have any use", bentuk verb2, jadi sudah setara dengan "originated".
# Sekarang dianggap sebagai bagian dari seni, pembuatan quilt awalnya (adalah) sebuah cara untuk menghias bed cover dari kain perca yang sebenarnya tidak berguna.

7. The early years of the United States government were characterized by a debate concerning ____ or individual states should have more power.
(A) whether the federal government
(B) either the federal government
(C) that the federal government
(D) the federal government
Answer: (A) whether the federal government
Penjelasan
Dalam kalimat ini ada 2 pilihan yang dihubungkan dengan "or" yaitu "the federal government" dan "individual states". Connector yang cocok diikuti "or" pada pilihan adalah whether dan either, jadi kita bisa buang pilihan (C) dan (D). To choose (A) or (B) is a little tricky. The best thing I can come up with is: whether means "apakah .... atau ....." and either means "bisa/boleh .... atau ...." in Indonesian.
Contoh
@ I haven't decided whether I'll cook or buy some take out food.
--> Aku belum memutuskan apakah akan masak atau beli makanan di luar.
@ You can either cook or buy some take out food.
--> Kamu boleh masak atau beli makanan di luar.
# The early years of the United States government were characterized by a debate concerning whether the federal government or individual states should have more power.
--> Tahun2 awal pemerintah US dicirikan dengan debat mengenai apakah pemerintah federal atau negara bagian yang sebaiknya memiliki kewenangan yang lebih tinggi.

8. Beneath the streets of a modern city ____ of walls, columns, cables, pipes, and tunnels required to satisfy the needs of its inhabitants.
(A) where exists the network
(B) the existing network
(C) the network’s existence
(D) exists the network
Answer: D. exists the network
Penjelasan
"Beneath the streets of a modern city" adalah phrase keterangan tempat yang diletakkan di depan kalimat, biasa diikuti oleh inverted subject and verb. Karena itu kita pilih jawaban (D) yang memiliki susunan inverted = verb + subject.
A salah, kita tidak membutuhkan connector
B salah, hanya berupa subject: article + adjective + noun
C salah, hanya berupa subject: article + noun's (possessive) + noun

9. The ponderosa pine is _____ of most of the timber used by forest product firms in the Black Hills of South Dakota.
(A) the source
(B) as source
(C) the source which
(D) because the source
Answer: A. the source
Penjelasan
Subject: The ponderosa pine
Verb: is
Setelah verb dengan bentuk to be, kita bisa meletakkan noun atau adjective sebagai complement. Dari pilihan jawaban kita lihat, hanya jawaban (A) yang menawarkan semata-mata noun. Pilihan lain mengandung connector yang tidak kita butuhkan pada kalimat ini.

10. Leontyne Price (ranks) among the most (celebration) sopranos (of) her (time).
Answer: B. Celebration 👉🏻 celebrated
Penjelasan
Pada noun phrase "the most celebration sopranos", noun utama adalah "sopranos"; sehingga 3 kata sebelumnya berfungsi sebagai adjective. The most adalah ungkapan superlative yang biasa mengawali adjective. Celebration adalah noun yang terbentuk dari verb "celebrate". Cara membentuk adjective dari verb biasanya adalah dibuat dalam bentuk past participle (verb 3), sehingga celebrated lebih tepat digunakan. @ ranks benar, verb (singular) dari subject "Leontyne Price" (singular).
@ of benar, menghubungkan 2 noun yaitu "sopranos" dan "time"
@ time benar, object of preposition "of" yang memberi keterangan tambahan bagi "sopranos".
11. Carrie Chapman Call was (instrumental) (in passing) the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (gives) women the right (to vote).
Answer: C. gives 👉🏻 that gives
Penjelasan
Pada kalimat di atas,
Subject: Carrie Chapman Call
Verb: was
Adanya "gives" yang merupakan verb ke2 membuat kalimat ini menjadi kalimat complex, sehingga membutuhkan connector.
Jika dilihat semantically, "gives women the right to vote" (memberi wanita hak untuk memilih) cocok untuk menerangkan "the Nineteenth Amendment"; sehingga menjadi adjectival clause. Sudah ada verb (gives), so kita butuh Subject yang bisa diwakili oleh connector "that".
@ instrumental benar, adjective yang diletakkan setelah to be; bermakna sama dengan important
@ in passing benar, preposition yang diikuti oleh verb-ing
@ to vote benar, to diikuti verb1, memberi keterangan purpose bagi "right".
12. (Discovery) in 1789 (and) isolated from other element in 1841, uranium (is valued) as a (source of) atomic energy.
Answer: A. Discovery 👉🏻 discovered
Penjelasan
Subject: Uranium
Verb: is valued (passive voice)
Kata2 sebelum koma adalah adjectival clause yang menerangkan uranium dan direduce, lalu diletakkan di awal kalimat, berfungsi sebagai appositive.
Kalimat aslinya adalah,
# Uranium, which was (Discovery) in 1789 (and) isolated from other element in 1841, (is valued) as a (source of) atomic energy.
Berupa kalimat pasif, sehingga discovery (noun) tidak tepat dan perlu diganti menjadi discovered (verb 3). Selain itu ada penghubung "and" yang diikuti isolated (verb 3), paralel dengan discovered, tidak paralel dengan discovery.
@ and benar, menghubungkan discovered dan isolated
@ is valued benar, uranium singular sehingga pakai "is", valued Verb 3 penanda kalimat pasif
@ source of benar, source singular noun sesuai jika diawali article "a", of menghubungkan source dengan atomic energy.

13. (Diplomatic) negotiations generally (take place) in embassies or in the (foreign) offices of the countries (which in) ambassadors are accredited.
Answer: D. In which 👉 Which in
Penjelasan
Phrase "in the foreign offices of the countries (which in) ambassadors are accredited" didahului preposition "in", yang berarti 'pada' dan menyatakan tempat. Jadi "which in" adalah connector yang berarti "where", dan urutan yang benar adalah "in which", bukan which in.
@ diplomatic benar, adjective yang menerangkan negotiations
@ take place benar, verb untuk subject plural (negotiations)
@ foreign benar, adjective yang menerangkan offices. 

14. (The) novelist Shirley Hazzard is noted (for) the insight, poetic style, and (sensitive) she (demonstrates) in her works.
Answer: C. sensitive 👉 Sensitivity
Penjelasan
Phrase "the insight, poetic style, and (sensitive)" adalah setara, maka harusnya paralel. Karena diawali "the" maka jenis katanya adalah noun, dan harusnya noun semua. Jadi sensitive yg merupakan adjective perlu diubah dalam bentuk noun, yaitu sensitivity.
@ the benar, menunjukkan novelis tertentu (yaitu Shirley Hazzard), atau bisa diartikan 'Sang novelis'
@ for benar, preposition yang biasa dipakai setelah verb "note"
@ demonstrates benar, verb untuk subject tunggal (she)

15. (Compare) with the (jagged) estuaries of the Atlantic coast, the Pacific coast (seems) almost (uniformly) straight.
Answer: A. Compare 👉 compared
Penjelasan
Compare with adalah membandingkan dengan.
Compared with adalah dibandingkan dengan.
Jika kita menilik arti kalimat di atas, compared with lebih tepat untuk digunakan.
# Compared with the jagged estuaries of the Atlantic coast, the Pacific coast seems almost uniformly straight.
--> Dibandingkan dengan muara yang terjal di pantai Atlantik,  pantai Pasifik terlihat seperti benar- benar rata.
@ jagged benar, adjective yang menerangkan noun (estuaries)
@ seems benar, verb untuk subject tunggal (Pacific coast)
@ uniformly benar, adverb yang menerangkan adjective (straight)

16. (Because of) its low cholesterol content, margarine is a (widely) used (substitute) (from) butter.
Answer: D. from  for
Penjelasan
"substitute" bisa berupa noun (pengganti) maupun verb (mengganti/diganti). Baik berupa noun atau verb, preposition yang biasa mengikutinya adalah 'for' dan 'with', jadi nggak bisa pake 'from'.
# because of benar, connector untuk sebab akibat
# widely benar, adverb yang menerangkan adjective (used)
# substitute benar, noun inti pada frase "a widely used substitute".
Oya, bedakan dengan "substitution" yang artinya pergantian/penggantian, ya.

17. (After) the Boston Tea Party in 1773, coffeehouses in the North American colonies (became) centers for gossip, (gamble), and (political) criticism.
Answer: C. Gamble   gambling
Penjelasan
"gossip, (gamble), and (political) criticism" adalah frase yang harus setara. Gamble bisa juga menjadi noun, tapi artinya lebih ke pertaruhan/pengambilan resiko, dan biasanya didahului verb "take". Seperti,
@ He really took a gamble when he left his job to become a writer.
Sementara judi lebih cocok menggunakan gambling.
# after benar, preposition yang mengawali adverbial phrase "After the Boston Tea Party in 1773"
# became benar, verb utama pada kalimat. Verb2 karena bentuk simple past tense.
# political benar, adjective yang menerangkan criticism.

18. (Studies by) B.F. Skinner indicate that reward positively (reinforces) behavior (and makes) that behavior (likely more) to recur.
Answer: D. Likely more   more likely
Penjelasan
Likely adalah adverb yang menerangkan "to recur". Jadi "perilaku tersebut (lebih mungkin) untuk terjadi". So susunan yang tepat adalah more likely.
# studies by benar, studies adalah noun yang artinya hampir sama dengan Research
# reinforces benar, verb untuk subject tunggal (reward)
# and makes benar, and adalah connector, makes adalah verb yang setara dengan reinforces.

19. The Montessori method of education stresses (initiative) and self-reliance (to permitting) pupils to pursue independently (whatever) interests them, but within (disciplined) limits.
Answer: B. To permit 👉🏻 to permitting
Penjelasan
Ini adalah bahasan mengenai to + verb1. "to" sebelum permitting bukan berfungsi sebagai preposition yang diikuti gerund, namun merupakan bagian dari infinitive yang bermakna tujuan (untuk).
Initiative benar, noun yang berfungsi sebagai object dari "stresses" dan setara dengan self-reliance.
Whatever benar, sebagai subject dari clausa "whatever interests them" yang merupakan object dari verb "pursue".
Disciplined benar, adjective yang berbentuk past participle yang menerangkan "limits"

20. The antique collector (must be able) to distinguish (real) antiques from (later imitations), which can be either reproductions (nor) fakes.
Answer: nor 👉🏻 or
Penjelasan
Pasangan yang tepat adalah "either .... or", atau "neither .... nor".
Must be able benar, modal + verb1, merupakan verb utama kalimat
Real benar, adjective yang menerangkan "antiques"
Later imitations benar, adjective + noun, noun phrase yang diperbandingkan dengan "real antiques".

21. Paint (must be) (stirred) and sometimes (dilution) before (it) is applied.
Answer: dilution 👉🏻 diluted
Penjelasan
Ada connector "and" yang menunjukkan hubungan kesetaraan antara stirred (verb3) dan (dilution), maka bentuk noun (dilution) tidak tepat, perlu kita ganti dengan diluted.
Must be benar, modal + verb 1 sebagai verb kalimat
Stirred benar, verb3 setelah to be, yang menunjukkan kalimat pasif
It benar, subject dari clausa "it is applied" setelah connector "before"

22. A great (aviation pioneer), Amelia Earhart was (already famous) when she (sets) out on her ill-fated attempt (to circle) the globe in 1937.
Answer: C. Set 👉🏻  set (verb2)
Penjelasan
Ada 2 keterangan waktu LAMPAU dari kalimat ini, yaitu "was" dan 1937, jadi penggunaan present verb "sets" tidak tepat, perlu kita ubah ke bentuk lampaunya, yaitu set.
# aviation pioneer benar, adjectival noun + noun
# already famous benar, adverb + adjective
# to circle benar, to + infinitive

23. (Although) apples do not grow (during) the cold season, apple trees must have (a such) season in order to (flourish).
Answer: C. A such 👉🏻 such a
Penjelasan
Such disini berkedudukan sebagai pre determiner yang berfungsi sebagai intensifier. Karena itu letaknya adalah sebelum determiner, bukan setelahnya.
Pre determiner yang lain misalnya what, rather dan quite. Kata2 ini dapat mengekspresikan surprise, disappointment, pleasure atau emosi2 lainnya. Contoh:
@ This turned out to be SUCH a beautiful day! (I am very pleased by the day.)
@ We had QUITE an experience when we were on vacation. (The experience was surprising and exciting.)
@ It is RATHER a small ring. (I am slightly disappointed by the size of the ring.)
@ WHAT an interesting idea! (I am surprised by your idea.)
# Although benar, connector yang menghubungkan 2 clausa yang bertolak belakang
# during benar, keterangan waktu yang berarti selama (musim dingin).
# flourish benar, verb1 (infinitive) setelah "to"

24. Two unique (features) of the Arctic (they are) lack (of) precipitation and (permanently) frozen ground.
Answer: B. They are 👉🏻  are
Penjelasan
Subject: Two unique FEATURES of the Arctic
Verb: are
Sudah ada subject, "they" sebelum verb tidak dibutuhkan dalam kalimat ini.
# features benar, noun utama pada noun phrase yang berfungsi sebagai subject kalimat
# of benar, menghubungkan 2 noun: lack dan precipitation
# permanently benar, adverb yang menerangkan frozen (adjective)

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